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Target AFR. I understand how to adjust timing to optimize the engine but not cause knock , but you did not explain how to evaluate target AFR and determine if it needs to be adjusted
It's not one size fits all unfortunately. This whole thing is very engine dependent- not only a model of engine but to make it even worse it's depending on each particular engine. There are so many variables involved in final number it makes it very difficult to choose one particular value. Things like thermal load, exhaust back pressure, cams, load, fuel octane rating, VE - they all might chip in to the final choice. Also the application has a big role in chosing target AFR. For instance 4g63 engine makes best power at 10.9-10.8 - if it's drag racing I would definitely use this number but for endurance racing I want to save fuel to cut off refueling time so I might go with 11.3-11.2...
The real problem is, as I see it, that "Target Lambda (AFR)" is a best guess situation. Ignition timing and be dialed pretty closely to MBT, but if the Target Lambda Table is off, how do you really know if AFR is accurately?
If you have the tools to accurately identify MBT then you have the tools to accurately identify the most optimal AFR for power in an NA application. In a boosted and port injected situation you'd be biasing far richer than optimum AFR to reduce intake temps so 'off' is relative to intake temps.
